Evaluation of land capability is a way of knowledge of nature and preventing its destruction. The Logic scoring of preference method is one of the new approaches in land evaluation. This method consists of three main components: the attributes tree, the preliminary criteria and the aggregation structure. Criteria and sub-criteria of the conservation model, criteria weightings and standardization functions were determined by the resources reviewing, environmental attributes of the area and consulting with local experts. Then, the decision tree is formed, after that, the sub-criteria, criteria and attributes were weighted. Their replacement capability was determined. Replaceability or simultaneity means identifying importance of criteria and sub-criteria in decision making. So, more or less effect of criteria was determined on the final decision by the ranges of positive and negative numbers. Aggregation of criteria and sub-criteria were done by Weighted Average Power Method. Conservation maps were prepared with two scenarios without_with the replaceability criteria. Scenario result of without replaceability shows the region's conservation value better than the replaceability scenario. The research results showed that rivers and aquatic ecosystems, scarce native plants and Mountains with high slope and shallow soil are sensitive to degradation. The proposed GIS-based LSP method is an enhanced MCE approach that represents an excellent tool for discussion and deliberation among stakeholders, decision makers, land-use planners and other experts.

Aristotle can be treated as a pioneer of Logic of preference. In modern times some such distinguished researchers as Soren Hallden, CH. Von Wright, R. Chisholm, N. Rescher and R. Jeffrey have contributed considerably in reviving and developing this part of Logical science. Among Logical relations playing fundamental role in the Logic of preference, one is that of P and S: P meaning "P is preferred to q" or "P is better than q" and S meaning "P is equivalent to q in terms of value". While presenting a brief historical itinerary of development of the Logic of preference, in this article it is attempted to survey, criticize, and modity some of its axioms introduced by Hallden. In correction of the said axioms, we have used notion of "necessity" as well as "S5" system in the modal Logic in order to make relations of P and S more Logically plausible.

Outranking based models as one of the most important multicriteria decision methods need the definition of large amount of preferential information called “parameters” from decision maker. Because of the multiplicity of parameters, their confusing interpretation in problem context and the imprecise nature of data, Obtaining all these parameters simultaneously specially in large scale realistic credit problems which requires real time decision making is very complex and time-consuming.preference Disaggregation approach infers these parameters from the holistic judgements provided by decision maker. This approach within multicriteria decision methods is equivalent to machine learning in artificial intelligence discipline.Under this approach this paper proposes a new learning method in which Genetic Algorithm(GA) in an evolutionary process induces all, ELECTRE TRI model parameters from training set then at the end of this process, classification is done on testing set by inferred parameters. Experimental analysis on credit data shows high quality and competitive results compared with some standard classification methods.

Usually two-dimensional substitution is used for the production of integrated circuits. Due to heavy use of communications, two-dimensional substitution has high losses as well as, density of elements is low in it. To resolve this problem, three-dimensional substitution method was proposed. Rather than the two-dimensional arrangement of elements in a row, elements are layout in three dimensions in this substitution. In this paper, three-dimensional substitution algorithms using order used in two-dimensional substitution, three-dimensional substitution analysis by mPL and three-dimensional substitution simultaneous with two-dimensional substitution by mPL have been studied in terms of structure and function, and a butterfly processing element (PE) and an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) block and a wireless MIMO decoder to assess them have been implemented with the mentioned methods. . Applying these methods shows that the use of face to face integration by microbuses in communications of substitution algorithm, on average, improves the maximum clock and block speed of AES encryption to 15. 3% and the maximum clock and block speed of PE module to 22. 6% as well as the maximum clock and speed of MIMO modules to 17. 1%, while the use of these methods has led to the average reduction in power consumption of 2. 6% for the AES module and the average reduction in power of 12. 9% for the PE module and the average reduction in power consumption of 5. 1% for MIMO module.

Background & Aims: Evaluation of trauma management is usually by TRISS scoring and the outcome is compared to data from Major Trauma Outcome study (MTOS). Same study was designed in Urmia.Materials & Methods: TRISS scoring was performed for multiple trauma cases during Apri12005- March 2006 in Shahid Motahhari hospital and was compared to MTOS via W-M-Z statistics.Results: 260 consecutive patients were included in the study, 210 men and 50 women. Mean age was 30.31 yr. 91% sustained blunt trauma, the vast majority resulting from traffic accident (92.5%). Observed mortality was 52 and predicted mortality 42. The W-M-Z statistics were: s 3.8%-0.891-0.27.Conclusion: The value of M- statistic> 0.880 predicted that this study was comparable to MTOS data. Z statistic between ranges -1.96- +1.96 defined standard treatment and there was no significant mortality difference. TRISS scoring and MTOS comparing are valid for multi-trauma patients, outcome analysis in Iran.

Background: Foot ulceration and lower limb amputation are still common complications of Diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetic foot problems account for more hospitalization days than any other diabetic problem. The main etioLogic factors are diabetic neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease. An easy, simple to use and low cost method for screening of diabetic peripheral neuropathy will be very useful.Methods: From May 2003 to May 2004, all diabetic patients (type 1) referred to endocrine clinic of Namazi Hospital were evaluated for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), using the bedside scoring procedure. A score of 3-5 indicated mild, 6-8 moderate, and 9- 10 severe DPN. The perception of vibration, temperature, pinprick and ankle reflex was examined. Tuning fork (128 Hz), neuropen, cold and warm water and reflex hammer were used for evaluation.Findings: In this study we evaluated 80 patients (34 male and 46 female) with type 1 DM, with the age range of 6-31 years (Mean±SD 18.16±5.22 yr). The overall prevalence of DPN was 13.75%: mild in 7.5%, moderate in 5% and severe in 1.25% of the patients. The most common physical finding was the absence of ankle reflex. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the presence of DPN. The prevalence of DPN was significantly associated with age, duration of DM and BMI (P< 0.05). There was no significant correlation with sex, HbAlc, puberty, parental consanguinity and family history of DM.Conclusions: Bedside scoring procedure is a simple, low cost and easy method for screening of DPN in patients with type 1 DM in outpatient clinic. Examination of ankle reflex is very important.It is concluded that the diabetic patients need better follow-up and more education.

We know for Logic two systems: the Ancient Logic and the Modern Logic, which are inconsistent in some points of view. In this paper, I want to see if Ancient Logic, versus Modern Logic, is really one Logic, has one set of rules, and introduces one methodology. There are many disagreements on the number and the exact formulation of the valid rules of Ancient Predicate Logic. For instance, the various formulations of the Obversion and Contraposition (the congruent and the opposite) can be mentioned as evidence for the claim. Since Aristotle has not spoken of contraposition, it can be concluded that adding the two forms of contraposition to his Logical rules provide us with two new Logical systems, in which the formulations of the quantified propositions differ from that in Aristotle’s system. Also, since there have appeared different theories on Congruent Contraposition and the Obvertion between Muslim Logicians, the number of the systems has reached the six. In this paper, introducing an exact definition for each of these systems, I present suitable formulations for the quantified propositions at the mentioned six systems.

Fetal biophysical profile scoring is a sonographic-based method of fetal assessment first described by Manning and Platt in 1980.The biophysical profile score was developed as a method to integrate real-time observations of the fetus and his/her intrauterine environment in order to more comprehensively assess the fetal condition. These findings must be evaluated in the context of maternal/fetal history (i.e., chronic hypertension, post-dates, intrauterine growth restriction, etc), fetal structural integrity (presence or absence of congenital anomalies), and the functionality of fetal support structures (placental and umbilical cord). For example, acute asphyxia due to placental abruption may result in an absence of the acute variables of the biophysical profile score (fetal breathing movements, fetal movement, fetal tone, and fetal heart rate reactivity) with a normal amniotic fluid volume. With post maturity the asphyxial event may be intermittent and chronic resulting in a decrease in amniotic fluid volume, but with the acute variables remaining normal.While the 5 components of the biophysical profile score have remained unchanged since 1980 (Manning, 1980), the definitions of a normal and abnormal parameter have evolved with increasing experience.In 1984 the definition of oligohydramnios was increased from < 1cm pocket of fluid to < 2.0 x 1.0 cm pocket. Oligohydramnios is now defined as a pocket of amniotic fluid < 2.0 x 2.0 cm (Manning, 1995a)If the four ultrasound variables are normal, the accuracy of the biophysical profile score was not found to be significantly improved by adding the non-stress test. As a result, in 1987 the profile score was modified to incorporate the non-stress test only when one of the ultrasound variables was abnormal (Manning 1987). Table 1 outlines the current definitions for quantifying a variable as present or absent.Each of the 5 components of the biophysical profile score does not have equal significance. Fetal breathing movements, amniotic fluid volume, and the non-stress test are the most powerful variables. For example, when the biophysical profile score is 2, the perinatal mortality varies between 428/1000 with only fetal movement present to 66/1000 if the non-stress test is reactive and all of the ultrasound parameters are absent (Manning 1990b). Some authors have, therefore, proposed utilization of a modified biophysical profile that incorporates only the non-stress test and amniotic fluid volume (Miller 1996). Although the positive predictive value of these 2 tests is equivalent to a biophysical profile score of 6, the perinatal mortality is still increased over a normal test score of 8 or 10 (Manning 1990b). The false positive rate with the modified biophysical profile score is also substantially higher.Conclusions: The fetus expresses its well being or compromised status through a number of different biophysical activities that are controlled by different central nervous system centers. The utilization of the biophysical score for ante partum surveillance in high-risk patients has resulted in a reduction in perinatal mortality when compared to historical controls. The appropriate management of the viable fetus with an abnormal biophysical profile score may also decrease long-term neuroLogical morbidity (Manning 1998).It is unlikely that in the future additional variables will be added to the biophysical profile score. However, perhaps the incorporation of the fetal state (i.e., eye movements) and Doppler flow studies of specific fetal vessels (umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, ductus venosus) will be incorporated into a complete assessment of the fetal conditionTable 1. Components of the 30 Minute Biophysical Profile ScoreComponent                                DefinitionFetal movements                       ³3 body or limb movementsFetal tone                                  One episode of active extension and flexion of the limbs; opening and                                                closing of handFetal breathing movements         ³1 episode of ³30 seconds in 30 minutesAmniotic fluid volume                 - Hiccups are considered breathing activity                                                A single 2 cm x 2 cm pocket is considered adequateNon-stress test                          2 accelerations > 15 beats per minute of at least 15 seconds duration